ALL'EST NIENTE DI BUONO
Avrebbero dovuto essere il nuovo motore dell'Unione europea. Invece a vent'anni dalla caduta del muro di Berlino i paesi dell'ex blocco sovietico continuano ad arrancare tra crisi economica e instabilità politica.
Queste dichiarazioni erano state precedute dall’approvazione di una legge che aveva rivelato le tendenze nazionaliste e populiste del governo guidato da Fidesz. La legge accorda la nazionalità ungherese alle persone di etnia magiara che vivono all’estero (tra i due e i tre milioni di persone, concentrate soprattutto in Slovacchia, Romania, Serbia e Ucraina) anche se non residenti in Ungheria, riaprendo vecchie ferite in alcuni paesi vicini, soprattutto in Slovacchia.
La verità è che l’Europa dell'est vive in uno stato di agitazione pressoché permanente dal 1989. A due decenni dalla fine del comunismo, i paesi della regione che sono entrati nell’Ue non sono ancora riusciti a instaurare un sistema democratico stabile. Gli esperti danno la colpa alla mancanza di solidità nelle formazioni politiche dopo il lungo regno del partito comunista unico.
Questa fragilità è dovuta anche alla corruzione, che continua a indebolire Romania e Bulgaria. In questi paesi la crisi economica ha amplificato il dibattito sull’opportunità dell'adesione all’Ue. A Bucarest la fragile coalizione al potere è stata confermata di stretta misura a metà giugno: il primo ministro Emil Bloc è riuscito a far ritirare una mozione di sfiducia contro il draconiano piano di austerità preparato dal governo per mantenere il prestito concesso dal Fmi ed evitare la bancarotta. I tentativi di mettere in opera programmi improntati a un maggior rigore sono già costati cari ai governi di Lituania e Lettonia, che a marzo hanno perso la maggioranza nei rispettivi parlamenti.
Versione inglese: Still on shaky footing
They were hailed as the emerging engine of a united Europe, but 20 years after the fall of the Berlin Wall, political instability and economic crisis have again exposed the instability of some new Eastern member states.
In Poland, one of the most securely entrenched democracies in the region, power games are paralysing the government. Analysts say Poland’s economic growth has lagged behind its considerable potential. In 2007 the administration promised to implement reforms to modernise the country (budget cuts, labour market, healthcare and pension reforms), but Lech Kaczyński, the late Polish president, used his veto to block or threaten to block key legislation.
Difficulties not limited to Poland
The customary division of power in the East between the head of state, who serves as guardian of the system, and the head of government, who holds the real executive power, is a source of perennial instability. Suffice it to recall the EU crisis in 2009 when Czech president Václav Klaus refused to sign the Lisbon Treaty after it had passed parliament.
Another prevalent problem in the East is the difficulty of forming governments with sufficiently solid support. In Hungary, the new centre-right executive won an absolute majority in April, but that historic showing at the polls was subsequently clouded by its controversial debut at the helm. In late May, a government spokesman intimated that the public accounts had been doctored and that Hungary, in the throes of its worse economic crisis in 18 years, was in a plight similar to that of Greece. The IMF and EU had to deny these irresponsible remarks to try to calm down the markets.
Instability 30 years after the fall of Communism
Those statements were preceded by the passing of a no less controversial law revealing the nationalist-populist leanings of the new Fidesz party government. The law grants Hungarian citizenship to ethnic Hungarians residing abroad (between two and three million, mainly in Slovakia, Romania, Serbia and Ukraine), a move that opened old wounds in some neighbouring countries, especially Slovakia.
The fact is that the East has been in a state of nearly constant agitation since 1989. 30 years after the fall of Communism, some of the countries in the region that are now in the EU are still having a hard time shoring up stable democracies. Experts point to the volatility of their political formations after the long reign of the Communist regime.
The other scourge is corruption, which is still undermining Romania and Bulgaria. The recession has heated up the debate in those countries over whether they are actually ready for EU accession. In Bucharest, the fragile governing coalition barely managed to hang on by the skin of its teeth in mid-June. Prime minister Emil Boc succeeded in blocking a motion of censure aimed at the draconian austerity measures envisaged by the administration to keep its loan from the IMF and stave off bankruptcy. Efforts to implement austerity plans have already taken a heavy toll on the Lithuanian and Latvian governments, which lost their parliamentary majority in March. ( Fonte: El Pais- presseurop.eu)